In a discovery that illuminates the spiritual and social lives of our ancient ancestors, a rare prehistoric ritual complex has been uncovered in the enigmatic depths of Manot Cave, nestled in the Western Galilee, Israel. Shielded by awe-inspiring natural stalagmites that create a majestic threshold, this extraordinary site offers a window into the symbolic world of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who roamed the region some 35,000 years ago.

A Portal to the Past

At the heart of this ancient sanctuary lies a uniquely engraved rock, shaped like a turtle shell, bearing intricate geometric patterns. Found in a hidden niche within the darkest recesses of the cave, this artifact is believed to have held profound spiritual significance. "The rock’s deliberate placement and elaborate carvings suggest it served as a totem or mythological figure central to the rituals conducted here," explained Dr. Omry Barzilai of the University of Haifa and the Israel Antiquities Authority.

A turtle carved from stone carved in a small niche in the deepest part of Manot Cave, Israel, 35,000 years ago. This is potentially one of the earliest examples of a collective cave ritual where animal totems or objects were laid away from any domestic areas. pic.twitter.com/ox6zsBnJwA

— Stone Age Herbalist (@Paracelsus1092) December 10, 2024

The discovery aligns with ritualistic findings in prehistoric caves across Europe, highlighting the symbolic importance of secluded spaces for communal activities such as worship, singing, and dancing. The secluded placement of the object deep within the cave underscores the intentional separation of sacred activities from everyday life.

The Origins of Ritual Society

Dating back 35,000 to 37,000 years, the complex is tied to the Aurignacian culture, a period characterized by symbolic art, advanced tools, and elaborate social structures. The study, published in the journal PNAS, was spearheaded by leading archaeologists, including Dr. Barzilai, Prof. Ofer Marder from Ben-Gurion University, and Prof. Israel Hershkovitz from Tel Aviv University.

Rock engraving, Manot Cave, 35,000 years agohttps://t.co/qyobyMGH1K

— Radical Anthropology (@radicalanthro) December 10, 2024

“This marks a turning point in our understanding of early human societies," said Prof. Hershkovitz. "The establishment of ritual centers during the Upper Paleolithic was a critical step in the evolution of collective identity, enabling small, kin-based groups to transition into more complex social networks."

A Multi-Sensory Ritual Space

Adding to the site’s intrigue, researchers found remnants of ash in stalagmite rings near the engraved rock, evidence that fire was used to illuminate the ceremonial space. Acoustic tests revealed that the cave’s natural formations amplify sound, creating a haunting auditory effect that likely enhanced communal rituals.

"This space is an ancient theater for the senses—a combination of darkness, flickering firelight, and resonant acoustics would have created an unforgettable spiritual experience," Prof. Hershkovitz remarked.

📸Levantine Aurignacian Shell Beads from Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel)

c. 37,000–33,000 years ago

🐚Tritia gibbosula and Columbella rustica from the Mediterranean Sea🐚

📸© @israelmuseum / E. Posner pic.twitter.com/dymmjkzE0v

— Laurent Davin (@J_M_Natuf) November 11, 2023

A Treasure Trove of Artifacts

The excavations, ongoing since 2010 under the guidance of the Israel Antiquities Authority, Tel Aviv University, and Ben-Gurion University, have transformed Manot Cave into a global archaeological icon. Previous discoveries include a 55,000-year-old modern human skull, the oldest found outside Africa.

Near the entrance of the cave, rich layers of Aurignacian artifacts—flint tools, bone and antler implements, and ornamental shell beads—paint a vivid picture of prehistoric life. In a hidden chamber adjacent to the ritual complex, researchers uncovered a complete deer antler bearing signs of use, possibly linked to the rituals conducted in the cave.

"Antlers were integral to Upper Paleolithic cultures, used as tools and possibly as symbols in ceremonial contexts," noted Dr. Barzilai. "Its placement reinforces the ritual significance of this site."

Artistry and Symbolism

The geometric engravings on the turtle-shell rock were analyzed using advanced confocal microscopy, which confirmed their human origin. "These carvings represent a sophisticated level of artistic expression and symbolic thought," said Prof. Rachel Sarig from Tel Aviv University.

Excavation at Manot Cave pic.twitter.com/Sx35jCJjzj

— Marion Prévost (@MarionPrev) October 12, 2021

The team also employed 3D photographic mapping to document the cave's layout, emphasizing the stark division between ritual spaces and areas of everyday activity. "This spatial organization reflects the deliberate demarcation of sacred and secular life," observed Alexander Wigman of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

Unlocking the Spiritual World of Prehistoric Humanity

The findings redefine our understanding of the Upper Paleolithic era in the Levant, revealing the centrality of rituals in shaping early human society. "This discovery is a breakthrough," the researchers concluded. "It not only uncovers ancient ritual practices but also highlights the role of symbols and collective worship in fostering social bonds and shared identities."

Manot Cave, Israel, was sealed naturally throughout the last 15,000 years until a bulldozer opened a hole in 2008. A modern human skull from the cave from around 54,000 years ago shows some similarities with Neandertals.
Photo: Manot Cave Expedition pic.twitter.com/lvJykJ7Efg

— John Hawks (@johnhawks) April 17, 2022

A Global Collaboration

The monumental project, supported by institutions such as the Dan David Foundation and the Leakey Foundation, brought together experts from leading universities and research organizations worldwide. The Manot Cave excavation serves as a testament to the enduring quest to uncover humanity’s earliest chapters.

As archaeologists delve deeper into this ancient cavern, the Manot Cave continues to whisper secrets of a world long past—offering insights not just into how our ancestors lived, but how they connected, worshiped, and dreamt.